In a landmark ruling on December 5, 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union clarified that sufficiently significant potential restrictive effects are enough to prove violations of Article 101 TFEU—no need for concrete proof of actual harm. The case, sparked by warranty-related restrictions imposed by Kia Auto in Latvia, aligns the assessment of “by effect” restrictions with the well-established “effects-based approach” under Article 102 TFEU.
Weiterlesen